Innovations ‘Out of Place’: Controversies Over IVF Beginnings in India Between 1978 and 2005

ABSTRACT

In 1978, the year the first in vitro fertilization (IVF) baby was born in the United Kingdom, a research team in Kolkata reported that it too had successfully produced an IVF baby in India. However, the claim was dismissed at the time, because the experiment was conducted outside authorized institutions and recognized centers of innovation—in short, because it was an innovation ‘out of place.’ Tracing controversies over the case between 1978 and 2005, I show the importance of space or place in processes of knowledge production and recognition. Further, I explain the initial repudiation and subsequent partial recognition of the claim through shifts in the landscape of legitimate spaces of innovation. By discussing this specific case of the production of science and technology in the Global South, I challenge conventional narratives of diffusion that are prevalent in studies on the worldwide proliferation of reproductive technologies.     

Expression of insulin/insulin‐like signalling and TOR pathway genes in honey bee caste determination

The development of queen and worker castes in honey bees is induced by differential nutrition, with future queens and workers receiving diets that are qualitatively and quantitatively different. We monitored the gene expression of 14 genes for components of the insulin/insulin‐like signalling and TOR pathways in honey bee larvae from 40–88 h after hatching. We compared normally fed queen and normally fed worker larvae and found that three genes showed expression differences in 40‐h‐old larvae. Genes that show such early differences in expression may be part of the mechanism that transduces nutrition level into a hormone signal. We then compared changes in expression after shifts in diet with those in normally developing queens and workers. Following a shift to the worker diet, the expression of 9/14 genes was upregulated in comparison with queens. Following a shift to the queen diet, expression of only one gene changed. The honey bee responses may function together as a homeostatic mechanism buffering larvae from caste‐disrupting variation in nutrition. The different responses would be part of the canalization of both the queen and worker developmental pathways, and as such, a signature of advanced sociality.     

What is Offered by Public Foodservices for Low Income Population in Brazil is Adequate to Health Promotion Regarding Energy Density

We evaluated the energy density (ED) of the preparations offered at community restaurants (CRs). 723 preparations offered 37 CRs were analyzed. Technical Preparation File (TPF) was compiled and the nutritional composition was calculated. The components of the menus were classified according to: very low ED (33.1%), low ED (41.2%), medium ED (23.5%) and high ED (2.2%). Many of these dishes were classified as low ED (rice - 56.4% and beans - 97.2%) and so its use probably doesn’t contribute to the overweight framework of the CR consumers. The main course (meat preparations) showed the largest EDs, most of them being classified as medium ED (1.85 to 2.43Kcal/g). The appetizers, as expected, showed the lowest EDs (0.01 to 0.4). The EDs of the menus offered in Brazilian CRs are appropriate to the objective of this type of restaurant, characterized by fulfilling a singular social role in serving its clients.     

超声波技术替代冰冻切片技术在甲状腺术中快速制片的应用

目的试验超声波技术在甲状腺手术过程中替代冰冻切片技术快速制出病理切片,探寻适合甲状腺冰冻切片的替代制片技术。方法 2018年4月23日临床手术送检的活体组织,同一块组织按照1.0 cm×1.0 cm×0.1 cm取材六块,随机等分为三组。分别设置80 min,70 min,55 min每一个程序总的试验时间,观察最终切片与冰冻切片的质量对比。结果在取材标准的情况下,采用C组制片质量能够达到快速诊断要求,三组的切片质量均优于冰冻切片质量,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。但是A、B两组相对组织处理的时间较长,三组切片质量均势的情况下,C组更能符合替代快速冰冻切片的要求。结论超声波快速处理仪可以帮助解决术中的甲状腺手术快速制片的要求。     

Social work‐generated evidence in traumatic brain injury from 1975 to 2014: A systematic scoping review

The International Network for Social Workers in Acquired Brain Injury (INSWABI) commissioned a systematic scoping review to ascertain the social work‐generated evidence base on people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) of working age. The review aimed to identify the output, impact and quality of publications authored by social workers on this topic. Study quality was evaluated through assessment frameworks drawn from the United Kingdom National Service Framework for Long‐Term Conditions. In the 40‐year period from 1975 to 2014, 115 items were published that met the search criteria (intervention studies, n = 10; observational studies, n = 52; literature reviews, n = 6; expert opinion or policy analysis, n = 39; and others, n = 8). The publications could be grouped into five major fields of practice: families, social inclusion, military, inequalities and psychological adjustment. There was a significant increase in the number of publications over each decade. Impact was demonstrated in that the great majority of publications had been cited at least once (80.6%, 103/115). Articles published in rehabilitation journals were cited significantly more often than articles published in social work journals. A significant improvement in publication quality was observed across the four decades, with the majority of studies in the last decade rated as high quality.     

SET在不同发育阶段小鼠睾丸的表达及其功能

SET蛋白是一个多功能蛋白，在调节包括DNA复制、核小体装配、染色体修饰、DNA转录、细胞周期、细胞凋亡等细胞生物学过程中起重要作用。前期研究发现，SET在卵巢中调节雄激素合成。然而，SET在睾丸组织中的表达及其功能仍然不明确。在此，我们检测不同年龄段小鼠睾丸组织中SET表达，探讨其在精子发生及睾酮生成方面的潜在功能。48只不同年龄段的雄性小鼠（1周龄的ICR雄性小鼠作为幼年期组，4周龄小鼠作为性发育前组，12周龄小鼠作为性成熟期组，12月龄作为老年组）。免疫组织化学方法观察SET各年龄段小鼠的定位表达；qRT-PCR和Western Blot分别检测睾丸中SET mRNA和蛋白水平表达。SET表达定位于生精小管中的精原细胞、精母细胞，在青春期前及成熟期的单倍体和四倍体生殖细胞中高表达；成熟期及老年期的睾丸间质细胞中也有SET的表达；支持细胞中很少量表达。青春期前SET的mRNA与成熟期相比表达量最高（P〈0．05），而SET蛋白在性成熟期小鼠睾丸中表达最高（P〈O．05）。SET主要表达于精原细胞和精母细胞，少量表达于支持细胞，表明SET可能与精子发生有关。SET还表达于睾丸间质细胞，则与睾酮生成有关。